After he was released on payment of a ransom, he pursued the pirates in a small fleet and had them crucified on his own authority.
In 75 BC he travelled to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon, but on his way there was kidnapped by pirates. He returned to Rome after Sulla's death in 78 BC and began to use his oratorical talents in the courts. On a mission to Bithynia, he spent so long at the court of king Nicomedes that rumours of an affair with the king arose, which would persist for the rest of his life.
He served in Asia, his father's old province, and Cilicia, and won the corona civica for his part in the siege of Mytilene. Ĭaesar did not return to Rome, but instead joined the army. His mother's family and the Vestal Virgins intervened on his behalf, and Sulla reluctantly lifted the threat against him, remarking that there were "many Mariuses" in the young Caesar. He was stripped of his inheritance and his priesthood, but refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding. Caesar, as Marius's nephew and Cinna's son-in-law, was firmly identified with Sulla's enemies. Sulla retook Rome in November 82 BC, had himself appointed dictator, and embarked on a campaign of political murder that dwarfed even Marius's purges. Cinna was killed in a mutiny of his own troops. Having brought Mithridates to terms, Sulla returned to Italy, and civil war resumed. He was nominated to replace Merula as Flamen Dialis, and broke off his engagement to Cossutia, the daughter of a wealthy equestrian, to marry Cinna's daughter Cornelia. In 84 BC Caesar's father died suddenly while putting on his shoes one morning, leaving the sixteen-year-old Caesar as head of the family. Marius died in 85 BC, leaving Cinna in control of the city. One of those killed was Lucius Cornelius Merula, the Flamen Dialis or priest of Jupiter. Once he was gone, Marius retook the city, with the help of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, and took bloody revenge on Sulla's supporters. Sulla, who was with his troops near Naples, marched on Rome, forced Marius into exile, and left on campaign. With the Social War settled, Lucius Cornelius Sulla was appointed to lead the campaign against Mithridates, until a tribune passed a law stripping him of his command and transferring it to Marius. The Social War against her Italian allies, over the issue of Roman citizenship and the spoils of conquest, was fought from 91 to 88 BC, and Mithridates of Pontus was pressing her eastern provinces. ĭuring Caesar's childhood, Rome already ruled much of the Mediterranean, but was politically unstable and faced external threats. His mother, Aurelia, came from an influential family, the Aurelii Cottae. Two relatives had been consuls in the 90s BC, and Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, had been praetor and governor of Asia, and was brother-in-law to Gaius Marius, one of the most prominent men in the Republic. Ultimately, his designated heir, Augustus, would establish permanent autocratic rule.Ĭaesar grew up in a patrician family which, although it claimed a pedigree reaching back to before the founding of Rome, had only come to political prominence during his father's generation. He was assassinated by a group of senators hoping to restore the normal working of the Republic, but his death ushered in thirteen more years of civil war. His reformed calendar, with minor modifications, is the same as is used today. He wrote Commentaries on his wars in Gaul and the civil war, with supplementary books written by his supporters. After the collapse of the triumvirate, he fought and won a civil war against the Senate and his former colleague Pompey, became the sole ruler of the Roman world, and was proclaimed Dictator in perpetuity. As a proconsul, he conquered Gaul and made expeditions to Britain and Germania. He rose through the ranks of Roman elected offices to reach the consulship, and formed an unofficial, and controversial, triumvirate with Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus which dominated Roman politics for several years. Gaius Iulius Caesar (anglicised Gaius Julius Caesar born 13 July 100 BC died 15 March 44 BC Latin pronunciation: usual English pronunciation: ) was an aristocrat, politician and general of the late Roman Republic, and played a key role in the transformation of the Republic into the Roman Empire.
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